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Laser radiation: safety advice - GOV. UK1. Lasers. Lasers are now widely used during the course of our daily lives. They can be found at home, in the workplace and they are used for many different applications. Lasers are a valuable scientific tool in material, pharmaceutical and forensic research. They play an important role in the areas of medicine and industry, as well being used for entertainment purposes since the mid- 1.
At home, lasers can be found in many modern appliances such as in computers, laser printers, DVD and Blu- Ray® players. In these appliances the consumer would have no access to the laser in normal use. Lasers are also used in domestic products where the laser can be ‘seen’ such as medical devices, and even toys. Laser pointers or pens have also found their way into the home and are often described as ‘toys’.
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However, some of these ‘toy laser pens’ have been found to be more powerful than is acceptable for unrestricted use and have the potential to cause eye damage and other harm. The misuse of lasers, predominately laser pointers or pens, reported in the press has highlighted concerns over the safety of these devices from a number of perspectives. This guide provides: basic information on the properties of laser radiationthe different laser classesa summary of Public Health England’s (PHE’s) position on the safety of laser pointers.
The advice from PHE takes account of the current British Standard for laser safety, and the technically equivalent European and International Standards. PHE’s predecessor organisations were involved in the initial development of these Standards and PHE continues to work with the technical standards committees responsible for maintaining these documents. PHE provides advice to the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) and Trading Standards concerning the safety of hand- held laser pointers and the optical hazards posed by the use of these products. Laser radiation. Lasers produce radiation with unique properties. It is these properties that distinguish laser radiation from the optical radiation produced by more familiar sources such as the sun or the common household electric light bulb.
When the radiation emitted by a source can be detected by the eye and produces a sensation of vision, it is referred to as light. Lighting devices such as the compact fluorescent, LED or incandescent electric light bulbs produce optical radiation comprising of many different wavelengths. Their light is perceived as white light, and the bulb emits fairly equally in all directions. The optical radiation produced for lighting is said to be highly divergent, that is the light spreads out rapidly as the observer moves away from the bulb. It is this property which allows the illumination of large areas using a single light bulb. In contrast a laser produces optical radiation over a very narrow wavelength band, so narrow that the laser is referred to as a monochromatic or single wavelength source. If the laser emits in the visible region then the radiation is perceived as a single colour.
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The wavelength of light is usually measured in nanometres, or one- thousand- millionth of a metre and is abbreviated to ‘nm’. The laser also usually produces a very narrow beam which diverges, or spreads out, very little with increasing distance from the source. This low divergence property means that the laser output is highly directional, forming a pencil- like beam that will still appear as a small spot when shone against a surface, even at distances of 1. A consequence of this is that high power devices can present a hazard over considerable distances, often many kilometres.
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However, there are exceptions to these general points: some lasers produce optical radiation over a wide wavelength spectrum and some produce widely divergent beams. When considering the safety implications of the laser beam an important parameter is the power (in Watts) or energy (in Joules) in the beam divided by the cross- sectional area (in m. This is called the irradiance and is usually quoted in watts per square metre or W m- 2 or radiant exposure usually quoted in J m- 2. Laser pointers or laser pens.
Laser pointers have been used as presentational aids by professional trainers for many years, with no reported incidents in the UK. They are usually portable, low powered, battery operated, hand held laser devices. Commonly available laser pointers generally emit red coloured light (wavelengths between 6. The response of the human eye is wavelength dependent and peaks at around 5.
As a result, if laser pointers are compared at 3 different wavelengths (6. Laser pointers emitting light with the laser wavelength which is closer to the eye’s peak response are therefore capable of producing the adequate visual stimulus, such as aversion response, at lower radiant powers. Laser pointers come in all shapes and sizes today, although most are pen shaped. Originally marketed for professional use, today this style is often marketed as ‘toy’ laser pens and they often come with interchangeable effects heads. Devices intended for the toy or novelty market can be of different shapes, for example a toy sword. Laser pointers which are larger in size and more importantly have a high power output are very common and inexpensive today. The size of the batteries used in a laser pointer may give some clue to the radiant power.
However some laser pointers powered by AAA batteries are still powerful enough to cause life changing eye injuries. Laser safety standards. Laser pointers sold in the UK should be classified in accordance with the current British Standard 1 on laser safety. This document specifies requirements for the manufacturers of laser products to ensure that the risk of accidental exposure is minimised through the use of engineering control features and product labelling, and by specifying minimum requirements for the supply of product information to allow for their safe use.
A user’s guide to the Standard also contains advice to the user of laser products in terms of procedural controls and class- specific training requirements 2. In the USA, there is a Federal Performance Standard for Laser Products 3 which has similar requirements, but there are differences between these 2 documents. If product mislabelling is suspected, or there is doubt over the classification of a product then measurements should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the British Standard to determine the actual laser class to which the device should be assigned. There is no simple test available to the general public to determine the radiant power of a laser product.
A visual inspection of the laser product or its laser output will not provide any indication of the appropriate class for the device. The British Standard sets out 8 classes of laser products, these are: Class 1. Class 1. CClass 1. MClass 2. Class 2. Showtime Full Shade Online Free. MClass 3. RClass 3.
BClass 4. The classification scheme for lasers indicates the potential risk of adverse health effects, where the higher the class number, the greater the laser radiation hazard posed by the laser. In practice, the risk also depends upon the conditions of use, exposure time and the environment. However, potential risks may or may not actually lead to adverse health effects, so with the help of classification, users may select appropriate control measures to minimise the risks.
Class 4 lasers are high power devices, usually needing a mains power supply. Class 4 lasers are used for specific applications in research, medicine and industry. They are also used in as well as the entertainment industry. Historically Class 4 lasers required a mains power supply. However today handheld battery powered Class 4 laser pointers are common. Class 4 lasers are not designed to be used as laser pointers.; it is recommended that a laser pointer should be no greater than a Class 2 laser product.
Devices intended for use by consumers should not be Class 3. B or Class 4 laser products.
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